Welcome to the Patient Education Library of Lederman Kwartowitz Center for Orthopedics & Sports Medicine
We invite you to explore our comprehensive list of resources and educational materials designed to help teach you about any orthopedic condition you may face or treatment you may undergo. Simply click on a topic below to learn more.
If you have any questions or concerns regarding your condition or treatment, please feel free to contact Lederman Kwartowitz Center for Orthopedics & Sports Medicine in West Bloomfield, Michigan at (248) 669-2000. To request an appointment, use our secure online appointment request form.
This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation, examination, or the medical advice of your doctor. This information should not be relied upon to determine a diagnosis or course of treatment.
Orthopedics A-Z
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Did You Know?
Topping the list of the 12 most frequently performed orthopedic procedures is arthroscopy of the knee, followed by rotator cuff repair and release of carpal tunnel.
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A Guide To Arthroscopy
Arthroscopic Surgery is a procedure that allows surgeons to see, diagnose, and treat problems inside a joint. The procedure, also called an Arthroscopy, requires only small incisions and is guided by a miniature viewing instrument or scope. Before arthroscopy existed, ... Read More
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Achilles Tendon Tear & Repair
The Achilles tendon is the most powerful tendon in the human body. Tendons are strong tissues that connect muscles to bone. The Achilles tendon is located in the lower back part of the leg and works with the calf muscles ... Read More
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ACL Tear & Reconstruction - Knee Ligament Injury
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most commonly injured ligaments in the knee. Ligaments are strong non-elastic fibers that connect our bones together. The ACL crosses inside of the knee, connecting the thighbone to the leg. It ... Read More
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Ankle Replacement
Total ankle replacement surgery, or ankle arthroplasty, can improve ankle function and relieve severe pain caused by arthritis and other conditions. As more FDA-approved ankle implants have become available, ankle replacement has become the preferred alternative to ankle fusion. ... Read More
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Ankle Sprain & Instability
Ankle Sprains are a very common injury that can happen to anyone. Our ankles support our entire body weight and are vulnerable to instability. Walking on an uneven surface or wearing the wrong shoes can cause a sudden loss of ... Read More
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Anterior Hip Replacement
When you need surgery to replace a damaged or diseased hip, some orthopedic surgeons have advanced training to perform anterior hip arthroplasty, also known as the direct anterior approach to hip replacement. This procedure is considered ... Read More
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Aquatic Therapy
Orthopaedic conditions, medical conditions, and neurological disorders may reduce your ability to bear weight on your legs, tolerate the impact exercise on land, or move against the forces of gravity. Aquatic therapy is a rehabilitation option that allows people to ... Read More
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Arthritis
Arthritis is a common disease that causes joint pain, stiffness, immobility, and swelling. Arthritis is actually a term for a group of over 100 diseases that affect the muscle and skeletal system, particularly the joints. Arthritis alters the cartilage in ... Read More
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Arthrocentesis - Pain Management
Arthrocentesis or aspiration is a treatment to relieve joint pain and swelling. Arthrocentesis is appropriate for larger joints including the knee, hip, sacroiliac, shoulder, elbow, and wrist. It is useful for treating joint swelling caused by infection, gout, and rheumatoid ... Read More
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Artificial Cervical Disc Replacement
Degenerative disc disease is a common source of neck pain. It is a condition that causes the discs in the spine to deteriorate or break down. Artificial cervical disc replacement can be an alternative to spinal fusion surgery (ACDF) for ... Read More
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Artificial Lumbar Disc Replacement
Degenerative disc disease is a common cause of chronic low back pain. It is a condition that causes the discs in the spine to deteriorate or break down. Artificial lumbar disc replacement can be an alternative to spinal fusion surgery ... Read More
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Bennett's Fracture - Fracture of the Base of the Thumb
A Bennett’s fracture occurs when the bone at the base of the thumb breaks and dislocates. It results from a forceful injury, such as during fist fighting, playing football, accidents, or a fall. A Bennett’s fracture causes thumb swelling, pain, ... Read More
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Bite Injuries - Animal Bites
Animal bite injuries can cause skin wounds and structural damage to the hand. Infection and, less commonly, rabies are always a main concern. Pets are the most common source of bite injures, although they may result from wild animals as ... Read More
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Bite Injuries - Human Bites
Human bite injuries result from fist fighting or the intentional act of biting to inflict harm. Bite injuries occur during fist fighting if the fist of one person strikes the teeth of another person. Hand injuries from human bites can ... Read More
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BOTOX for Pain Management
BOTOX® is useful for more than smoothing out wrinkles. In fact, it is indicated for treating painful muscle spasms and contractions in the neck (cervical dystonia), tension headaches, migraine headaches, back pain, and myofascial pain. BOTOX injections are used to ... Read More
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Boutonniere Deformity - Finger Deformity
A boutonniere deformity occurs when the tendon that straightens the middle joint of your finger is injured, weakened or stretched. The injury allows the middle finger joint to bend (flex) and the end finger joint to pull back and hyperextend. ... Read More
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Boxer's Fracture - Knuckle Fracture of the Pinky
A Boxer’s fracture occurs when the bone at the knuckle of the little finger breaks. It can result from a forceful injury during fist fighting or hitting a solid object, such as a wall. A Boxer’s fracture causes swelling, pain, and stiffness. ... Read More
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Bunion
Bunions are a common foot deformity, especially in females. They most frequently result from wearing shoes that are too small and or have a high heel. Abnormal pressure from poor fitting shoes causes the bones in the big toe and ... Read More
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Bunionette
A bunionette is a bump that occurs near the base of the little toe on the foot. They are not as common as bunions, a similar condition that develops near the base of the big toe. However, people with bunionettes ... Read More
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Carpal Instability - Wrist Ligament Injury
Carpal instability occurs when the small bones in the wrist move out of position and compromise joint functioning. This may result when the ligaments that hold the bones together are torn or when the bones are fractured or affected by arthritis. ... Read More
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Endoscopic Release Surgery
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Open Release Surgery
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
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Cartilage Tears
Articular cartilage is a substance that covers the ends of many of your bones. It cushions them during movement and provides a smooth surface for the bones in a joint to glide on. The meniscal cartilages in the knee differ ... Read More
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Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease - Spinal Cord and Nerve Compression
Cervical degenerative disc disease is a condition that can compress the spinal cord and nerves in the neck. Intervertebral discs are shock-absorbing pads located between vertebrae, the small bones that make up your spine. Aging can cause the discs to ... Read More
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Cervical Facet Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Neck
Cervical facet radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain in the neck and/or shoulder. This technique is useful for those patients who experience short term relief following local anesthetic blocks of the nerves supplying the cervical facet ... Read More
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Cervical Radiculopathy - Cervical Nerve Compression
Cervical radiculopathy is a condition that results when a nerve is pinched or irritated as it leaves the spine in the neck. Nerves from the spinal cord exit at various levels from the spine and travel throughout the body. With ... Read More
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Cervical Selective Nerve Root Block - Neck
A cervical selective nerve root block is used to diagnose and in some cases, treat nerve pain in the neck. A variety of conditions can affect the nerves in the neck, which not only can cause pain in the neck, ... Read More
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Cervical Spondylitic Myelopathy - Spinal Cord Compression
Cervical spondylitic myelopathy is a condition that affects the spinal cord in the neck. It is the most common spinal cord disorder in the United States. Cervical spondylitic myelopathy most frequently occurs in adults because of degenerative changes in the ... Read More
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Clavicle Fracture - Broken Collar Bone
Clavicle fractures are a common orthopedic injury, especially among infants and young children. The clavicle, known as the collarbone, is a long bone located at the top of the chest. A clavicle fracture most frequently results from trauma. The majority ... Read More
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Claw Toe
Claw toe most frequently develops in older women. It causes the joint at the base of the toe to bend upward and the other joints on the toe to bend downward in the shape of a claw. Claw toe may ... Read More
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Coccydynia - Tailbone Pain
Coccydynia is an uncommon painful condition that originates from the coccyx, the tailbone at the end of the spine. Trauma and falls are the most frequent causes of coccydynia. In the vast majority of cases, nonsurgical treatment, such as medications ... Read More
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Cold Therapy
Cold therapy is a non-surgical non-medication modality used to help relieve pain and swelling. Cold therapy is commonly used immediately following an injury. There are many forms of cold therapy, including ice massage, commercial cold packs, or ice packs. Your doctor ... Read More
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Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) - Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a type of chronic pain syndrome. CRPS was formerly called reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and shoulder-hand syndrome. CRPS causes severe burning pain and possible eventual deterioration of an affected arm or leg. The cause ... Read More
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Concussion (TBI)
A concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs from a direct hit to the head. Concussions can also occur when the head or body is forcefully shaken. Brain injuries can lead to temporary confusion, headaches, and much more. ... Read More
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Congenital Hand Differences
Congenital hand differences are abnormalities present at birth. They occur before birth when an embryo is developing the upper extremity. Congenital hand differences are caused by genetic, environmental, and unknown reasons. A variety of hand conditions may occur. A hand ... Read More
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Costovertebral Block
Your ribs are joined to your spine by the costovertebral joints in your upper back. A variety of conditions can cause pain in this area. A costovertebral block is a procedure that is used both to diagnose and treat the source ... Read More
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Cubital Tunnel Syndrome - Ulnar Nerve Transposition (Elbow)
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a condition caused by pressure on the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Nerves carry messages between the brain, spinal cord, and body parts. When a nerve is compressed, it cannot function properly. Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is ... Read More
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Degenerative Disc Disease - Spine Degeneration
Degenerative Disc Disease is a condition that causes the intervertebral discs in the spine to deteriorate or break down. Intervertebral discs are the shock-absorbing pads located between your vertebrae. The vertebrae are the series of bones that make up your ... Read More
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deQuervain's Tendonitis - Wrist Tendonitis
De Quervain’s Tendonitis is a condition caused by an inflammation of the tendons located at the thumb side of the wrist. Tendons are tissues that attach our muscles to our bones. They can become swollen and sore from over use. ... Read More
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Diabetic Foot
Foot problems are a common complication of Diabetes. Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose, a sugar that is a source of fuel for the body. Normally, insulin, a hormone, helps glucose get into ... Read More
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Discography
Discography is a diagnostic procedure to help identify the source of back or neck pain. Discs are cushions located between the bones that make up your spine. Normally, discs act as shock-absorbers to protect the bones in the spine. Aging or ... Read More
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Dupuytren's Disease
Dupuytren’s disease causes an abnormal thickening of the tissues located underneath the skin in the palm of the hand. As the tissue thickens it can form lumps and strong cords. The abnormal growth causes the fingers to bend in ... Read More
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Electromyography (EMG) - Nerve Test
Electromyography (EMG) is an electrodiagnostic test that measures the nerve impulses in muscles during contraction. Nerves throughout the body exchange information with the brain through nerve impulses. Healthy muscles need nerve input to perform movements. Doctors use EMG to identify muscle ... Read More
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Electrotherapy - Pain Management
Electrotherapy is a treatment method that can help reduce acute and chronic pain. It may be especially helpful immediately following an injury. Electrotherapy involves stimulating nerve fibers with small electrical currents. The electrical stimulation may promote the release of natural pain ... Read More
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Epidural Injections - Low Back (Lumbar)
Epidural injections are a non-surgical treatment option for low back (lumbar) pain and pain radiating into the legs. The procedure involves delivering pain relieving medications directly to or near the source of the pain in the spine during a short ... Read More
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Epidural Injections - Neck (Cervical Transforaminal Steroid Injection)
Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections are a non-surgical option to ease pain in the neck, shoulder and upper extremity. The neck is a vulnerable part of the spine and is susceptible to injury and degeneration. A variety of conditions can ... Read More
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Epidural Injections - Upper Back (Thoracic)
Epidural injections are a non-surgical treatment option for upper back (thoracic) pain. The procedure involves delivering pain-relieving medications directly to or near the source of the pain in the spine during a short outpatient procedure. Epidural injections can be very ... Read More
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Exercise Therapy - Pain Management
Exercise therapy focuses on helping the body function at a higher level of efficiency. Exercise is important for helping all body systems function optimally while preventing injury, pain, and deterioration. Exercise therapy may help improve flexibility, strength, endurance, and posture. ... Read More
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Extensor Tendon Injuries (Hand)
An extensor tendon injury occurs when the tendon is torn, cut or otherwise detached. The extensor tendons attach to the back of your fingers and thumbs. They allow your fingers and thumbs to straighten and perform fine coordinated movements. Extensor ... Read More
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Facet Injections - Pain Management
Facet injections are non-surgical treatments to relieve pain and inflammation of the facet joints in the spine. Facet joints are located on the top and bottom of each vertebra. Facet joints connect the vertebrae to form the spine and allow ... Read More
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Facet Joint Syndrome - Pain Management
The facet joints connect the bones that align to make up the spine. Healthy facet joints glide freely and allow movement. The natural aging process, injury, arthritis, and certain spine conditions can change the way that the facet joints move and ... Read More
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Femur Fracture - Broken Thigh Bone
The bone in your thigh is called the femur. It is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is very difficult to break or fracture, but it can, as the result of a high impact vehicle crash or fall ... Read More
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Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that causes widespread pain and tender points on muscles. Although the exact cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, there appear to be several factors that may contribute to it. In addition to lifestyle changes and physical ... Read More
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Flexor Tendon Injuries (Hand)
A flexor tendon injury occurs when the tendon is cut or ruptures. The flexor tendons attached at the palm side of your fingers and thumbs. They allow your finger and thumb joints to bend, grasp items, and perform fine coordinated ... Read More
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Fluoroscopy
A fluoroscopy is a live X-ray that creates real-time images. It is especially useful for diagnosing upper or lower digestive tract disorders (barium enema, barium swallow) or joint problems (arthrography). The live images can help a doctor determine how a ... Read More
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Fractures
Bones are the hardest tissues in your body. Although bones are strong, they can split or break under too much pressure or force. A broken bone is called a fracture. Fractures can occur in a variety of ... Read More
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Ganglion Cysts - Foot
Ganglion cysts are a common condition that can develop on the top or bottom of the foot. They are not harmful or cancerous, although they may cause discomfort. Ganglion cysts that are painful or interfere with walking are treated first with ... Read More
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Ganglion Cysts - Wrist/Hand Lumps and Bumps
Ganglion Cysts are a common condition. They are not harmful or cancerous, although they may cause some people discomfort. Ganglion Cysts usually appear as bumps on the back of the hand and at either side of the wrist. They are ... Read More
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Golfer's Elbow - Medial Epicondylitis
Golfer's Elbow (medial epicondylitis) is a type of cumulative trauma injury. Golfer's Elbow results when the tendons that attach to the inner elbow degenerate. Tendons do not stretch easily and are vulnerable to degeneration during repetitive motions, such as those ... Read More
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Gout
Gout is a disorder that can cause sudden joint pain. It occurs most commonly in the big toe, although it may affect other joints. The buildup of uric acid, a substance found naturally in the body and in certain foods, ... Read More
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Hallux Rigidus (Stiff Big Toe)
Your big toes help you maintain balance. They receive a huge amount of stress each time you walk, stand, squat, or climb stairs. People with degenerative arthritis may develop a condition called hallux rigidus, meaning a “stiff big toe.” Hallux ... Read More
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Hammer Toe
Hammertoe most commonly affects the second toe on the foot. It causes the middle joint to bend. Hammertoe is most frequently caused by structural problems in the toe or from wearing poor fitting shoes. It is important to diagnose and ... Read More
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Hamstring Muscle Injuries
Hamstring muscle injuries create sudden pain at the back of the thigh. Hamstring injuries occur most frequently among athletes and dancers. The hamstring muscles can strain or tear. Most hamstring tears do not require surgery. Physical rehabilitation following hamstring strain ... Read More
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Hand Dislocations
Hand dislocations occur when a force causes the bones in the fingers or wrist to move out of position. Sports, falls, job-related injuries, and motor vehicle crashes are the most common causes of hand dislocations. Symptoms can include deformity, extreme ... Read More
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Hand Nerve Injury and Repair
Nerve injuries in the hand can result from cuts, pressure, stretching, or crush injuries. An injured nerve cannot transmit nerve signals. An injured nerve can cause a lack of sensation, movement, or both. Some types of nerve ... Read More
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Hand Therapy
Hand Therapy is a specialized area of rehabilitation. Your doctor may refer you to an occupational therapist or physical therapist with advanced skills or a Certified Hand Therapist (CHT) for hand therapy. A CHT is an occupational or physical therapist ... Read More
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Heat Therapy
Heat therapy is a treatment used to help relieve pain and muscle stiffness. Heat therapy is commonly used to reduce long-lasting or chronic pain. There are many forms of heat therapy, including commercial heat packs, heating pads, and moist or ... Read More
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Heel Pain
Your heels bear tons of pressure each day when you stand and walk. It’s no wonder that heel pain is a common complaint. Heel pain occurs for a variety of reasons, from wearing the wrong type of shoes to abnormal ... Read More
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Heel Spurs
Heel spurs are abnormal bony growths that develop at the back of or under the heel. Inflammation around a spur, more so than the spur itself, can cause significant pain. Fortunately, symptoms can be eased with non-surgical treatments for the vast ... Read More
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Herniated Disc - Pain Management
A herniated disc, also called a “ruptured” disc, is a common source of neck or lower back pain. Discs are cushion-like pads that are located between the series of small bones that make up the spine. A herniated disc occurs ... Read More
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Herniated Disc Cervical/ACDF - Slipped Disc in the Neck
A herniated or “ruptured” disc is a common source of neck pain and arm pain. Discs are the shock-absorbing pads that are between vertebrae, the series of small bones that make up your spine. Your cervical spine is located in ... Read More
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Hindfoot Fracture (Heel/Ankle Joint)
It takes a lot of force to fracture the bones in the hindfoot. A fracture is a broken bone. Injuries most frequently result from car crashes or falls from a significant height. Fractures may occur in the heel or the ... Read More
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Hip Fracture - ORIF
Hip Fractures are most commonly caused by falls. The risk for Hip Fractures increases with age. Older adults, especially those over the age of 85, are at the highest risk because of changes in bone structure and overall health. Medical ... Read More
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Hip Resurfacing
Hip resurfacing is a procedure that is used to relieve pain and restore function for people with arthritis or other hip conditions. Unlike traditional total hip replacement, hip resurfacing does not remove the bones in the joint, but instead resurfaces ... Read More
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Humerus Fracture - Broken Upper Arm
Humerus fractures are common. The humerus is the long bone in your upper arm. A fracture is a broken bone. The humerus is most frequently fractured as the result of a fall or motor vehicle crash. Depending on the location ... Read More
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Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block
An interscalene brachial plexus block uses injected medication to numb the shoulder and upper arm prior to surgical procedures or repositioning (reduction) of a dislocated shoulder. An interscalene brachial plexus block delivers numbing medication to nerves in the shoulder and ... Read More
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Kienbock's Disease (Wrist)
Kienbock’s disease is a progressive condition that affects the lunate bone in the wrist. It occurs when there is a disruption of the blood supply to the lunate bone. Without a proper blood supply, the lunate bone decays and dies. ... Read More
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Knee Arthroscopy
The knee is the largest joint in our body. It is one of the most easily injured joints. Our knees are exposed and vulnerable to sport or work injuries. Knee problems can also occur from disease, aging, or “wear and ... Read More
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Knee Tendon Bursitis - "Goosefoot"
Knee tendon bursitis can develop at the inner (medial) knee. Knee tendon bursitis results from trauma, overuse, and degenerative joint disease. The painful inflammatory condition develops most frequently in athletes, middle-aged women with obesity, and older adults with arthritis. Knee ... Read More
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Laminaplasty- Cervical Spine - Pain Management
The cervical spine is composed of a series of small bones in your neck. Your spinal cord is located in an opening inside of the bones. The spinal cord and spinal nerves exchange information between your brain and body. Certain ... Read More
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Lisfranc Fracture Dislocation (Midfoot)
A Lisfranc fracture occurs in the bones of the midfoot. The fracture results from dropping something heavy on the foot or twisting the foot during sports or in a car accident. If you suspect you have a Lisfranc fracture, you should see ... Read More
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Low Back Pain
The vertebrae in your lower back are larger than in any other part of your spine. Vertebrae are the series of bones that align to form your spine. The spinal section in your lower back is called the lumbar spine. ... Read More
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Lumbar Discectomy
The regions of the spine are defined by their vertebral curvature and function. Vertebrae are the bones that align to make up your spine. The lumbar spine is located in your lower back. The main function of the lumbar spine ... Read More
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Lumbar Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Pain Management
Lumbar radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain that originates in the spine joints of the lower back. Lumbar radiofrequency neurotomy is useful for people that experienced relief following nerve blocks to the area. The procedure “turns ... Read More
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging procedure that produces very detailed pictures of internal body structures. It is a non-invasive method that allows doctors to check for abnormalities and diagnose medical conditions, such as blood clots, tumors, and orthopedic ... Read More
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Mallet Finger Injury - Baseball Finger
A mallet finger injury occurs when the tip of a finger or the thumb is forcefully flexed. The force injures the tendon that straightens the fingertip joint. A mallet finger injury is also referred to as a baseball finger injury ... Read More
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Mallet Toe
Mallet toe most commonly affects the longest toe on the foot, although any toe can be affected. It causes the joint closest to the tip of the toe to bend downward. Mallet toe is most frequently caused by structural problems ... Read More
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Massage Therapy
Good circulation is an important element of whole body health. Massage therapy can help stimulate and improve circulation to remove the collections of waste products in lymph that cause discomfort. It can help to relieve pain and stiffness and improve ... Read More
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Meniscus Tear - Knee Cartilage
The menisci are cartilage structures in the knee joint that act as buffers between the bones. The menisci are vulnerable to injury, especially during twisting motions used for sports. Some tears in certain parts of the meniscus may heal on ... Read More
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Metatarsal Fracture (Forefoot)
Your forefoot acts as a springboard with each step you take, and a cushion when your foot touches the ground. The metatarsal bones located in the forefoot bear and shift your body weight to help maintain balance. Jumping, twisting, dancing, ... Read More
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Minimally Invasive Hip Replacement - Arthroplasty
The hip is one of the most frequently replaced joints. Osteoarthritis, a type of arthritis, is the main reason for hip replacement surgery. Other conditions, including trauma, may also require the need for a hip replacement. Arthritis is a disease ... Read More
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Minimally Invasive Knee Replacement - Arthroplasty
Knee Replacement Surgery is the most common type of joint replacement surgery. The knee is one of the most easily injured joints. Knee problems can occur from injury, aging, “wear and tear,” and arthritis. Arthritis is a disease that causes joint ... Read More
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Minimally Invasive Lateral Access Spine Surgery
In the past, spinal fusion surgery meant large incisions, muscle detachment and lengthy recoveries. Innovations in spine surgery instruments and surgical techniques provide a much more pleasant experience for patients requiring spine surgery. Minimally invasive lateral access spine surgery (lateral ... Read More
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Minimally Invasive Posterior Fusion Spine Surgery
Spinal fusion surgery is used to secure two bones together in the spine for people with back pain or spine instability. Traditional spinal fusion surgeries required a large incision, muscle stripping, and lengthy hospital stays. Advancements in spine surgery have ... Read More
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Morton's Neuroma (Foot)
Morton’s Neuroma is a painful foot condition. It occurs when a nerve near the toes becomes compressed and inflamed. If diagnosed early, most cases of Morton’s Neuroma can be treated without surgery. However, surgery for the condition has a high ... Read More
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Myofascial Release
Myofascial release is a rehabilitation treatment that can relieve pain and relax muscles and tissue. Myo is the prefix for muscle, and fascial refers to the smooth tough tissue that covers them. When muscles are injured or strained, both the muscles ... Read More
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Neck Pain
The neck is a very vulnerable part of the spine. It is susceptible to injury. Muscle, ligament, nerve, and spine injuries are common causes of neck pain. Poor posture and “wear and tear” can also cause neck pain. Degenerative diseases, ... Read More
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Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Test
A Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Test is an electrodiagnostic procedure that measures how well a nerve works and helps to specify the site of nerve compression. Nerves carry messages between the brain and body. Many conditions, such as tissue swelling, ... Read More
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Neuromuscular Re-education
Neuromuscular re-education is a technique used by rehabilitation therapists to restore normal movement. Together, your nerves and muscles work to produce movements. Nerves send signals between your muscles and your brain about when, where, and how fast to move. It ... Read More
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Neuropathy - Nerve Pain
Neuropathy, also referred to as neuralgia or neuritis, is a type of pain that involves the nerves. Neuropathy results from nerve degeneration, pressure, inflammation, or infection. There are several causes of neuropathy, including carpal tunnel syndrome, pinched nerves, spinal stenosis, ... Read More
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Occupational Therapy: An Overview
An injury, disease, or traumatic event may change the way your body functions and the way that you perceive your environment. A single problem or combination of conditions may change the way that you think, act, feel, see, or move ... Read More
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Orthotics
Orthotics are shoe inserts that are used to correct an irregular walking pattern. They perform functions that make standing, walking, and running more comfortable and efficient, by altering slightly the angles at which the foot strikes a walking or running ... Read More
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Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Knee Pain)
Osgood-Schlatter Disease is actually a type of overuse injury and not a disease. It affects the knees of growing children and adolescents who play sports that involve running or jumping. The main symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter Disease are pain and swelling. ... Read More
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Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, affecting more than 21 million Americans. Osteoarthritis tends to develop as people get older or from overuse of the knee during work or sports. Osteoarthritis causes the protective covering at the ends ... Read More
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease. It causes progressive bone loss and increases the risk of fractures. Osteoporosis is more common in women than men, and the incidence increases with age. Bone loss from osteoporosis can lead to fractures ... Read More
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Pain Management - An Overview
Pain management for orthopedic conditions consists of a variety of treatments aimed at reducing pain. There are many types and causes of orthopedic pain. Orthopedic pain is commonly caused by injury and aging. Back pain may result from irritated or ... Read More
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Pain Management - Arthrocentesis
Arthrocentesis or aspiration is a treatment to relieve joint pain and swelling. Arthrocentesis is appropriate for larger joints including the knee, hip, sacroiliac, shoulder, elbow and wrist. It is useful for treating joint swelling caused by infection, gout, and rheumatoid ... Read More
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Pain Management - Facet Injections
Facet injections are non-surgical treatments to relieve pain and inflammation of the facet joints in the spine. Facet joints are located on the top and bottom of each vertebra. Facet joints connect the vertebrae to form the spine and allow ... Read More
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Pain Management - Prolotherapy
Prolotherapy is an alternative treatment for weakened or injured ligaments and tendons. Ligaments are strong tissues that connect bones to bones. They do not have an excellent blood supply, but they have many nerves that can cause pain, if injured. ... Read More
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Pain Management - Trigger Point Injections
Trigger point injections are used to relieve extremely painful areas of muscle. Trigger points are very tight bands or small areas of a muscle that are very sensitive to touch and pressure. The trigger point can irritate surrounding nerves and ... Read More
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Pain Management - Viscosupplementation Therapy
Viscosupplementation therapy is a treatment for knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a common type of arthritis that causes bone degeneration and synovial fluid reduction. Synovial fluid acts as a shock absorber and lubricant in the knee joint. Arthritis and a decrease ... Read More
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Partial Knee Replacement
Your knee is an important joint that supports the weight of your body and must function correctly for movement and walking. Your knee is made from bone, ligaments and cartilage. One type of cartilage covers the bones, and the other ... Read More
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Patellar Tendon Tear
The patellar tendon connects the kneecap to the leg. During sports that involve running or jumping or because of tendonitis, certain medical conditions, or steroid use, the tendon can tear. Small partial tears may heal with non-surgical treatment; however, most ... Read More
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Patellofemoral Syndrome - Kneecap Problems
Patellofemoral Syndrome is pain in the knee that occurs from poorly aligned knee structures, trauma, or overuse. It is also called runner’s knee and Chondromalacia patellae. Patellofemoral syndrome results when the cartilage behind the kneecap is overstressed or deteriorates. Patellofemoral Syndrome ... Read More
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Pediatrics - Bite Injuries, Human Bites
Human bite injuries result from fist fighting or the intentional act of biting to inflict harm. Bite injuries occur during fist fighting if the fist of one person strikes the teeth of another person. Sometimes toddlers bite other people when ... Read More
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Pediatrics - Congenital Hand Differences
Congenital hand differences are abnormalities present when a child is born. They occur before birth when an embryo is developing the upper extremity. Congenital hand differences are caused by genetic, environmental, and unknown reasons. A variety of hand conditions may ... Read More
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Pediatrics - Fractures
Bones are the hardest tissues in the body. Although bones are strong, they can split or break under too much pressure or force. A broken bone is called a fracture. Fractures can occur in a variety of ways. The most ... Read More
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Pediatrics - Little League Syndrome, Pitcher's Elbow
Little League elbow, also called Pitcher’s elbow, results from excessive throwing motions used in sports. It most frequently occurs in baseball, but is associated with other sports that involve throwing. Pitcher’s elbow causes pain and interferes with motion. Many cases ... Read More
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Pediatrics - Scoliosis, Curvature of the Spine
Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine. A healthy spine has natural front to back curves. Scoliosis is a condition that describes side to side curvatures of the spine, which often also involves rotational deformities. Some people are born ... Read More
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Pediatrics- Bite Injuries, Animal Bites
Animal bite injuries can cause skin wounds and structural damage to the hand. Infection and, less commonly, rabies are always a main concern. Pets are the most common source of bite injures, although they may result from wild animals as ... Read More
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Percutaneous Disc Nucleoplasty
Intervertebral discs are cushion-like structures that are located between the bones that make up the spine. Under certain conditions, the discs can bulge and cause back pain. Percutaneous disc nucleoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to reduce the pressure inside ... Read More
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Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy is a symptom rather than a disease in itself. It occurs when nerves are damaged resulting in pain and loss of function, such as motor movement or the sense of touch. Peripheral neuropathy commonly develops in the longest ... Read More
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Phantom Limb Pain
Phantom limb pain is a real condition that occurs in some people after the amputation of an arm or leg. People with phantom limb feel pain as if the amputated limb is still there. The exact mechanism of phantom limb ... Read More
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Physical Therapy: An Overview
An injury, illness, chemotherapy, bed rest, inactivity, or disease may change the amount of control that you have over moving your body. Alterations in your health status may result in poor endurance, decreased muscle movement, paralysis, and loss of balance, ... Read More
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Pitcher's Elbow - Little League Elbow
Pitcher’s elbow, also called Little League elbow, results from excessive throwing motions used in sports. It most frequently occurs in baseball, but is associated with other sports that involve throwing. Pitcher’s elbow causes pain and interferes with motion. Many cases ... Read More
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Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis is a painful foot condition. It occurs when connective tissue at the bottom of the foot, called the plantar fascia, is irritated and inflamed. The condition commonly occurs among people who spend a lot of time on their ... Read More
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Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy is a cutting-edge procedure that is revolutionizing the field of orthopedic medicine. PRP therapy is a new treatment that relieves pain and promotes long lasting healing of musculoskeletal conditions. PRP Therapy uses components of the body’s ... Read More
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Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Tear
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) crosses inside of the knee joint with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), connecting the thighbone to the leg. Ligaments are strong non-elastic fibers that connect your bones together. PCL tears are not as common as ... Read More
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Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction - Acquired Flatfoot
Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, also known as acquired flatfoot, results when the tendon at the back of the ankle is inflamed or torn. It is a progressive condition that can eventually lead to a fallen arch or flatfoot. Advanced cases, or those ... Read More
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Preparing for Surgery
Surgery can be an overwhelming experience. It is important to go into your surgery feeling secure and confident. This guide will help you to understand what to expect. Understand the procedure Talk to your doctor. Learn what to expect before, during ... Read More
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Progressive Strengthening
Progressive strengthening exercises are used in rehabilitation to increase muscle strength, tone, size, and function. Progressive strengthening is also referred to as “progressive resistance,” “exercise progression,” and the “overload principle.” Injury, disease, and neurological disorders, such as stroke or traumatic ... Read More
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Progressive Strengthening Exercises
Progressive strengthening exercises are used in rehabilitation to increase muscle strength, tone, size, and function. Progressive strengthening is also referred to as “progressive resistance,” “exercise progression,” and the “overload principle.” Injury, disease, and neurological disorders, such as stroke or traumatic ... Read More
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Prolotherapy - Pain Management
Prolotherapy is an alternative treatment for weakened or injured ligaments and tendons. Ligaments are strong tissues that connect bones to bones. They do not have an excellent blood supply, but they have many nerves that can cause pain, if injured. ... Read More
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Radial Tunnel Syndrome (Forearm)
Radial tunnel syndrome occurs when the radial nerve in the arm is compressed. The radial nerve travels through the radial tunnel located on the top (dorsum) of the forearm. The radial nerve can be compressed or irritated in the radial ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Balance Retraining and Vestibular Rehabilitation
Balance retraining and vestibular rehabilitation are used to treat balance disorders and movement related dizziness. Balance is a complex function that involves the coordination of many body systems. Balance requires the ability to produce movements and interpret information about your ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Gait Training
Gait refers to the manner in which you ambulate or walk. A safe gait is necessary for independent living and the prevention of falls and injuries. Strength, endurance, motion, balance, and coordination are all components of an effective gait. These ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Hand Therapy
Hand Therapy is a specialized area of rehabilitation. Your doctor may refer you to an occupational therapist with advanced skills or a Certified Hand Therapist (CHT) for hand therapy. A CHT is an occupational or physical therapist that has completed ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Myofascial Release
Myofascial release is a rehabilitation treatment that can relieve pain and relax muscles and tissue. Myo is the prefix for muscle, and fascial refers to the smooth tough tissue that covers them. When muscles are injured or strained, both the muscles ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Neuromuscular Re-education
Neuromuscular re-education is a technique used by rehabilitation therapists to restore normal movement. Together, your nerves and muscles work to produce movements. Nerves send signals between your muscles and your brain about when, where, and how fast to move. It ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Progressive Strengthening
Progressive strengthening exercises are used in rehabilitation to increase muscle strength, tone, size, and function. Progressive strengthening is also referred to as “progressive resistance,” “exercise progression,” and the “overload principle.” Injury, disease, and neurological disorders, such as stroke or traumatic ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Shoulder Rehabilitation
Shoulder rehabilitation can reduce pain and restore function to an injured shoulder. The shoulder moves in more directions and to greater extents than any other joint in your body. However, because it performs so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Transfer Training
In rehabilitation, “transfer training” refers to alternate methods of moving your body from one surface to another. We move and reposition our bodies several times daily, for instance when we get on and off a chair, in and out of ... Read More
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Reverse Shoulder Replacement
Reverse shoulder replacement is an advanced newer surgical treatment that was approved by the FDA in 2004. A reverse shoulder replacement is a surgical procedure to replace a damaged shoulder joint with an artificial one. The new joint stabilizes the ... Read More
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Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand
Rheumatoid arthritis commonly affects the hand. Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term chronic inflammatory disease. It causes the joints in the hand to become painful, swollen, and stiff. Rheumatoid arthritis can lead to hand deformity and loss of function. Symptoms are ... Read More
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Rotator Cuff Tear & Repair
Rotator cuff tears are a common source of shoulder pain. The rotator cuff consists of four shoulder muscles and their tendons. Tendons are strong fibers that connect our muscles to our bones. The shoulder muscles and tendons cover the upper ... Read More
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Scaphoid Fracture - Broken Wrist
A scaphoid fracture most commonly results from a fall on an outstretched hand. The scaphoid is a small bone located on the thumb side of your wrist. It is the most commonly broken bone in the wrist. Because symptoms can ... Read More
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Sciatica
The sciatic nerve is the thickest and longest nerve in your body. The sciatic nerve extends from your lower back down to your feet. If the sciatic nerve is compressed or inflamed, a painful condition called Sciatica can result. Symptoms ... Read More
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Scoliosis - Curvature of the Spine
Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine. A healthy spine has natural front to back curves. Scoliosis is a condition that describes side to side curvatures of the spine, that often also involve rotational deformities. Some people are born ... Read More
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Sesamoid Fracture & Sesamoiditis (Big Toe)
The sesamoids are two small bones near the base of the big toe. They help to bear weight and act as pulleys to help move your big toe when you walk. Too much repetitive pressure, force, or tension can cause ... Read More
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Shin Splints
Shin splints is a term to describe pain at the front or lower inside edge of the leg. The pain is most frequently caused by muscle overuse, improper form when exercising, or wearing the wrong type of athletic shoes. Most ... Read More
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Shoulder Arthroscopy
The shoulder can perform movements in more directions and to greater extents than any other joint in our body. But because it can perform so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable to stress and injury. Shoulder injuries are very common, ... Read More
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Shoulder Impingement Syndrome - Shoulder Tendonitis
Shoulder impingement syndrome is a painful condition in the shoulder. It occurs when the tendons in the shoulder are irritated, inflamed or degenerated from repetitive overhead motions or structural abnormalities in the shoulder. Shoulder impingement syndrome is treated with activity modification, ... Read More
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Shoulder Rehabilitation
Shoulder rehabilitation can reduce pain and restore function to an injured shoulder. The shoulder moves in more directions and to greater extents than any other joint in your body. However, because it performs so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable ... Read More
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Skier's Thumb
Skier’s Thumb is an injury that occurs when the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpal phalangeal joint of the thumb is injured. The ligament can be injured when the thumb is bent back away from the fingers (hyperextended). A sports ... Read More
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Spinal (Lumbar) Fusion/Lumbar Spinal Stenosis - Pinched Nerves in the Back
The low back is a common place to experience pain. This area of the back is called the lumbar spine. The main function of the lumbar spine is to support the weight of your upper body. The joints of the ... Read More
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Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) for Pain Relief
Introduction Spinal cord stimulation is a pain relieving treatment for chronic back pain. Spinal cord stimulation can be useful for some people that have failed other forms of treatment. The stimulator is a small device that is surgically placed beneath the ... Read More
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Spinal Stenosis
The lower back is a common place to experience pain and discomfort. The lumbar spine is located in your lower back. The bones align to form the spine. Aging, arthritis, and degenerative conditions can cause the bones to change shape and ... Read More
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Spondylolisthesis - Slipped Vertebrae
Small bones, called vertebrae, align to form the spine in your back. A healthy spine supports the body, while allowing movement. Spondylolisthesis occurs when age or injury causes a vertebra in the lower back to slip forward and out of ... Read More
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Spondylolysis - Stress Fracture of Spine- Pain Management
Adolescents that participate in high impact sports and adults with physically demanding jobs have the greatest risk of spondylolysis, a type of stress fracture in the lower part of the spine. Spondylolysis may or may not cause symptoms, such as ... Read More
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Spondylolysis - Stress Fracture of the Spine
Spondylolysis is a term to describe a stress fracture that occurs in the vertebrae of the lower spine. Vertebrae are the series of bones that make up your spine. Spondylolysis can result from excessive and repetitive forces during ... Read More
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Sprains & Strains
Sprains and strains are common injuries that can happen to anyone, but occur most frequently in people who participate in sports, perform repetitive activities, or are at-risk for falls. Sprains involve the tissues that connect bones together (ligaments). Strains involve ... Read More
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Stellate Ganglion Block
A stellate ganglion block is an injection used to diagnose or treat certain nerve conditions. The stellate ganglion is a group of nerves located at the front of the neck. A stellate ganglion block is used to prevent pain signals from ... Read More
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Stress Fracture - Leg and Foot
Stress fractures are tiny hairline breaks in the bone. They tend to develop in the legs or feet of dancers, athletes, or military personnel who exercise when their muscles are fatigued or when their bodies are not yet conditioned to ... Read More
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Swan Neck Deformity - Finger Deformity
A swan neck deformity occurs when the structures that keep the middle joint of your finger from bending back too far are injured, stretched or weakened. The injury causes the middle finger (proximal interphalangeal) joint to hyperextend. This ... Read More
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Tendon Transfers
Tendon transfers are used to restore function after an injury or medical condition has compromised function in the hand. Loss of function in the hand can occur because of several types of problems including paralysis from nerve injury, tendon loss, ... Read More
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Tendonitis
Tendonitis is an inflammatory condition that can develop in a tendon. Tendons are strong fibers that connect your muscles to your bones. Tendonitis most frequently results from overuse of a joint. Symptoms include pain and tenderness. Most cases of tendonitis ... Read More
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Tennis Elbow - Lateral Epicondylitis
Tennis Elbow is a condition that results in deterioration of the tendon fibers that attach to the bone at the outside of the elbow. Tendons are strong fibers that attach muscles to bone. They are tissues that do not stretch ... Read More
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Thoracic Facet Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Upper Back
Thoracic facet radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain in the upper back after other forms of treatment have failed. The procedure “turns off” the specific nerve that carries information about pain. The treatment provides pain relief for ... Read More
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Thumb CMC (Basal Joint) Arthroplasty - Thumb Joint Reconstruction
The thumb joint at the base of the thumb is the most mobile in the hand. The thumb can move up and down, in and out, and rotate slightly to touch the fingers. We move our thumbs hundreds of times ... Read More
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Tibia Fracture - Broken Shinbone
The tibia, commonly called the shinbone, is located in your lower leg. A tibia fracture is a common injury. A fracture is a broken bone. Vehicle crashes, falls, and sports injuries are frequent causes of tibia fractures. Depending on the ... Read More
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Toe Fracture
Toe fractures can certainly hurt, but they are rarely incapacitating. They most frequently result from some type of trauma. The majority of toe fractures can heal without surgery. ... Read More
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Total Hip Replacement
The hip is one of the most commonly replaced joints. The hip is a ball and socket joint. It allows us to move our legs and bend and straighten our body. Osteoarthritis, a type of arthritis, is the main reason ... Read More
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Total Knee Replacement
The knee is the largest joint in our body. It is one to the most easily injured joints. Knee problems can occur from injury, aging, “wear and tear,” or disease, such as arthritis. Arthritis causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. ... Read More
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Total Shoulder Replacement
The shoulder has a greater range of motion than any other joint in our body, but because it can perform so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable to stress, injury, and arthritis. Arthritis is a major cause of shoulder pain. ... Read More
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Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) Injury - Wrist Sprain
The Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) is a structure that is made of cartilage and ligaments. It is located on the ulnar side of the wrist (side toward the little finger). The TFCC stabilizes the bones in the wrist, acts as ... Read More
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Trigger Finger and Trigger Thumb
Trigger Finger and Trigger Thumb, medically termed Stenosing Tenosynovitis, are common hand conditions. This condition occurs when the tendons in the thumb and fingers do not glide smoothly. Tendons are strong tissues that connect our muscles to our bones. Trigger ... Read More
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Trigger Points & Trigger Point Injections
A trigger point is a small area in a muscle that is very sensitive to touch or pressure. It can be extremely painful. Injury, overexertion, muscle tension, and muscle spasms are common causes of trigger points. They most frequently occur ... Read More
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Ultrasound Therapy - Pain Management/Rehabilitation
Ultrasound therapy is used to minimize muscle pain and movement dysfunction. Therapeutic ultrasound uses sound waves to deliver deep heat to the treated tissues. The treatments may help reduce stiffness, swelling, and pain, increase circulation, and promote pain-free movement. Ultrasound ... Read More
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Viscosupplementation Therapy - Pain Management
Viscosupplementation therapy is a treatment for knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a common type of arthritis that causes bone degeneration and synovial fluid reduction. Synovial fluid acts as a shock absorber and lubricant in the knee joint. Arthritis and a decrease ... Read More
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Whiplash
Whiplash occurs when the head moves suddenly from severe impact, such as during a car crash. Whiplash can cause neck pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, tight muscles, and burning or tingling sensations in your neck or upper back. Most ... Read More
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Whiplash - Chiropractic Treatment
Neck and upper back pain may occur immediately or in a somewhat delayed fashion after an auto crash. If you have neck pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, tight muscles, and burning or tingling sensations in your neck or upper ... Read More
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Wrist Fracture - Open Reduction and Internal or External Fixation
Wrist fractures are a very common type of orthopedic injury. They occur most often as the result of a fall. When we fall, it is our natural instinct to stretch out our arms in an attempt to cushion ourselves. However, ... Read More
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X-Rays
X-rays use radiation energy to create images of internal body structures. X-rays are a non-invasive procedure, meaning that the body does not have to be surgically opened to see a bone or tissue. X-rays are used to help diagnose a ... Read More
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This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine diagnosis or course of treatment.
The iHealthSpot patient education library was written collaboratively by the iHealthSpot editorial team which includes Senior Medical Authors Dr. Mary Car-Blanchard, OTD/OTR/L and Valerie K. Clark, and the following editorial advisors: Steve Meadows, MD, Ernie F. Soto, DDS, Ronald J. Glatzer, MD, Jonathan Rosenberg, MD, Christopher M. Nolte, MD, David Applebaum, MD, Jonathan M. Tarrash, MD, and Paula Soto, RN/BSN. This content complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. The library commenced development on September 1, 2005 with the latest update/addition on February 16, 2022. For information on iHealthSpot’s other services including medical website design, visit www.iHealthSpot.com.
